NRI Status and NRI Taxation

This article talks about different NRI statuses, NRI taxation and RNOR. Find out how taxable income is calculated based on your status and who is an RNOR.

Budget 2021 update: FM proposes to notify rules for removing hardship for NRI due to double taxation.

Are you a Resident or a Non-Resident Indian?

To identify how much tax you need to pay in India, it is important to identify what your residential status is in India.

Note that the residential status must be checked for every financial year in question.
Say, if you are non-resident for one year, for the next year and thereafter you must check your status again if you’ve travelled or changed homes etc.

Here, we will be discussing residential status as per the Income Tax Act of India. Your residential status as per RBI rules may be different as compared to the residential status as per the Income Tax Act.

Your tax-liability in India will be defined by this status. Before we understand who is a Non Resident Indian, lets first look at who is a Resident Indian –

Who is RESIDENT in India?

A person would be a RESIDENT of India for income  tax purposes if-

• He/She is in India for 182 days or more during the financial year.

OR

• If he/she is in India for at least 365 days during the 4 years preceding that year AND at least 60 days in that year.

Note: These days may be a single visit or counted over many visits to India.

When you leave India for employment outside India?

In case you are an Indian Citizen and you leave India for employment outside of India or as a member of the crew on an Indian ship.

In other words if you take up a job outside India,the 60 days minimum period will be increased to 182 days.

In you are an India citizen or a person of Indian Origin , and you live outside India the 60 days minimum period mentioned above will be increased to 182 days for you.

Deemed Resident applicability – those with total income from India above Rs.15 lakh

Irrespective of the conditions listed above for being a resident, there is also a concept of deemed resident.

An individual who is a citizen of India and has total income (from other than foreign sources) in excess of Rs 15 lakhs during a financial year, he shall be deemed to be resident in India in that year if he is not a tax resident of any other country.

Who is NON-RESIDENT in India?

If you do not satisfy the condition laid out above– you will be considered a NON RESIDENT INDIAN.

Residential status of Indian citizens as crew on Indian ships

In case of a citizen of India and a member of the crew of a ship, the period or periods of stay in India shall, in respect of an eligible voyage shall be computed as follows:

• The numbers of days of stay in India for such person shall not include the days – from the start date of the Continuous Discharge Certificate and ending on the end date of this document, as signed off on the Discharge certificate.
• Continuous Discharge Certificate must be as per the Merchant Shipping (Continuous Discharge Certificate-cum-seafarer’s Identity Document) Rules, 2001 made under the merchant shipping act, 1958
• This Continuous Discharge Certificate must be for a voyage, which originates from any port in India and has its destination at any port outside India OR which originates from any port outside India and has its destination at any port in India. [Notification No. 70/2015/ F.No.142 /12/2015-TPL].

The above rule is applicable from 1 April 2015. The rule is applicable for finding out residential status of Indian citizens as crew on Indian ships starting from the financial year 2015-16. Such crew is considered as Non Resident Indian (NRI) for income tax purposes, when they have spent less than 182 days in India.

While calculating this stay of 182 days, the entire period mentioned in the Continuous Discharge Document shall be excluded even though the ship may have been on Indian coastal waters in its journey.

Earlier, the number of days outside India were only calculated from the date the Indian ship left Indian coastal waters. 

In Case of Sailing on Foreign ships: Indian crew serving on foreign ships for 182 days or more are treated as non-resident in India, irrespective of where the ship trades (including Indian waters). 

In case of sailing on Indian ships : 
A seafarer serving on Indian ships outside India for a period of 182 days or more in a year is considered to be a non-resident. However, the time spent by a ship in Indian territorial waters is considered as period of service in India, according to tax rules framed in 1990.

The number of days outside India of Indian crew working on such Indian ships gets counted only from the date when the Indian ship crosses the coastal boundaries of India. This increase in days is also applicable to you if you are an India citizen or a PIO and you live outside India and you come on a visit to India. The intention behind relaxing the minimum number of days to 182 is to protect your taxability (so you don’t get taxed as a Resident Indian) in case you decide to visit India for an extended stay to visit family or meet other obligations and end up staying more than 2 months.

If this sounds confusing, you can look at the ClearTax NRI tax filing assistance for more help. 

Besides Resident & Non Resident Indian there is a third category – That of a Resident But Not Ordinarily Resident (RNOR)- after having spent many years abroad if you have recently moved back to India, you may fall in the category of Resident but not Ordinarily Resident (RNOR).

Who is a RNOR?

You will be considered Resident but Not Ordinarily Resident (RNOR) in a year – if you satisfy one of the two conditions for a Resident (mentioned above) AND-

• If you have been an NRI in 9 out of 10 financial years preceding the year.

OR

• You have during the 7 financial years preceding the year been in India for a period of 729 days or less.

What is your taxable income for the purpose of Indian Tax Laws:

If you are a NON RESIDENT INDIAN, simply put –

• Any income that is ‘earned’ in India is taxable for you in India.
• Your Income outside of India is not taxable in India.

In case of Salary of a non-resident seafarer for services outside India on a foreign ship will not be included in the total taxable income of the seafarer, even though such salary is credited in the NRE account of the seafarer with an Indian bank.

For instance seafarer rendered services in Europe and spent less than 182 days in India.The company credited his salary in NRE account with Indian Bank.This income will not be included in the total taxable income of the seafarer.

What is your taxable income for the purpose of Indian Tax Laws: 
If you are a RESIDENT BUT NOT ORDINARILY RESIDENT (RNOR) Interestingly, in case you have just returned back to India – you are allowed to keep your RNOR status for up to 3 financial years post your return back to India.

That could benefit you in a big way – since your taxation will be very much in line with that of an NRI and therefore income that you may earn outside of India (while you may have returned back) will continue to be not taxed in India. Therefore like an NRI –

• Any income that is ‘earned’ in India is taxable for you in India
• Your income outside of India is not taxable in India

And you can continue this status for a period of 3 years. However, once you have attained the status of a Resident, all of your income within and outside India will be taxable in India, barring any concessions that may be available under the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) between India and the country from where your overseas income has arisen.

What does the term “Earned” in India mean?

• Any income received in India or the law deems it to be received in India by you or on your behalf.
• Any income that accrues or arises in India or income that the law believes accrues or arises in India.

What does ‘Accrues in India’ mean?

This is laid out in Section 9 of the Income Tax Act (note that this applies to everyone while considering the income that accrues or arises to them irrespective of what their residential status is).

If your answer to any of these is a YES the law will consider these incomes to have accrued in India:-

1. Income from a business connection in India.
2. Income from any property, asset or source of income in India.
3. Capital gain on the transfer of a capital asset situated in India.
4. Income from salary if the services are rendered in India.
5. Income from salary which is payable to you by the Government of India for services rendered outside of India when you are an Indian citizen.
6. Dividend paid by an Indian company even though this may have been paid outside India.
7. Interest, royalty or technical fees received from the Central or the State Government or from specified persons in certain circumstances.

There is a lot that goes to define what the law considers as Income Earned or Accrued in India and we’ll understand that in detail in our upcoming posts. Keep watching out for more. Know more about what we do for NRIs (income tax & other financial services) here.

• Is an NRI liable to tax in India on the sale of equity shares listed on an Indian stock exchange taxable in India?An NRI gets taxed on the capital gains arising on the sale of shares listed on a stock exchange in India.
• Is a non-resident taxable on salary income for the period of services rendered in India?A non-resident is taxable on the salary income in respect of the services rendered in India under a deputation or any other arrangement.
• Is a foreign company liable to tax in India on its branch operations in India?The Indian branch of a foreign company is liable to pay income-tax in India and comply with the Indian tax laws.
• Is an NRI liable to pay tax in India on rental income earned from house property in India?An NRI is liable to pay tax on the rental income earned from a house property situated in India.
• Can an NRI or a foreign company claim a foreign tax credit in their country of residence? An NRI or a foreign company can claim the foreign tax credit in their country of residence. The FTC can be as per the tax treaty between India and the country of residence.