Saving Taxes on Long-Term Capital Gains

If you have any long-term capital gains during the financial year and wish to minimise the tax liability,  you may consider exploring tax-saving options related to investments made during the year. The most common investments being, equity shares, mutual funds, etc., which provide a higher return rate than traditional fixed deposit investments. With the amendments on the taxability of shares/stocks, mutual funds, etc., brought in Budget 2018, which seek to impose taxes on Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG) in excess of Rs 1 lakh at the rate of 10% on sale or redemption as the case may be, after 31 March 2018, strategic planning will help you save your taxes.

Budget 2024 Latest Updates

Budget 2024 has passed the following amendments effective from FY 2024-25 - 

• For classifying assets into long-term and short-term, there will only be two holding periods: 12 months and 24 months. The 36-month holding period has been removed.
• The holding period for all listed securities is 12 months. All listed securities with a holding period exceeding 12 months are considered Long-Term. The holding period for all other assets is 24 months.
• Unlisted bonds and debentures are brought in line with the taxation on debt mutual funds and market-linked debentures. They will attract tax on capital gains at applicable slab rates. (i.e., they will be treated as short-term irrespective of the period of holding.)
• The taxation of Short-Term Capital Gain for listed equity shares, a unit of an equity-oriented fund, and a unit of a business trust has been increased to 20% from 15%. Other financial and non-financial assets which are held for short term shall continue to attract the tax at slab rates.
• For the benefit of the lower and middle-income classes, the limit on the exemption of Long-Term Capital Gains on the transfer of equity shares or equity-oriented units or units of Business Trust has increased from Rs.1 Lakh to Rs.1.25 lakh per year. However, the rate at which it is taxed has increased from 10% to 12.5%. The exemption limit to Rs.1.25 lakhs has been increased for the whole of the year, whereas the tax rate changed on 23rd July 2024.
• The tax on other assets is reduced from 20% to 12.5% with effect from 23rd July 2024. On the other hand, the indexation benefit that previously was available on the sale of long-term assets has now been eliminated. However, the Government has given taxpayers an option to compute taxes on real estate transactions purchased before 23rd July 2024 either at 12.5% without indexation or at 20% with indexation. 

What is Capital Gains Tax?

Capital gains are the profits investors make when they sell their assets for a higher price than the price they acquire. Capital assets include land, vehicles, jewellery,  shares, and stocks.

Capital gains are taxable, and there are two types: short-term and long-term. Short-term capital gains result from the sale of an asset held for up to 36 months (3 years). The criteria is 24 months for unlisted shares (those shares which are not listed in a recognized stock exchange in India) and immovable properties such as land, building and house property and it is upto 12 months for listed equity shares, equity-oriented funds and units of UTI, whereas long-term capital gains result from the sale of assets held for more than the holding period as discussed above. However, with effect from FY 24-25 for classifying assets into long-term and short-term, there will only be two holding periods: 12 months and 24 months. The 36-month holding period has been removed. The holding period for all listed securities is 12 months. All listed securities with a holding period exceeding 12 months are considered Long-Term. The holding period for all other assets is 24 months. For more details refer Capital Gains Article.

Long-Term Capital Gains Tax

There are certain exemptions available for long-term capital gains. If you carry out specific investments/activities outlined in the Income Tax Act, you can legitimately save on long-term capital gains tax. One of the key requirements for avoiding capital gains tax is to reinvest the proceeds from the sale of the property/assets in the prescribed assets or bonds.

Let us look at the three primary long-term capital gains tax exemptions:

1. Section 54: This section addresses exemption from long-term capital gains on the sale of a residential property if the proceeds are reinvested in another residential property.
2. Section 54EC: This section addresses the exemption from long-term capital gains on the sale of a land or buildings if the proceeds are reinvested in designated bonds.
3. Section 54F: This section relates to exemption from long-term capital gains on the sale of any asset other than a residential property, if the proceeds are reinvested in the purchase of a residential property.
4. Capital Gains Account Scheme (CGAS): If you are unable to invest long-term capital gains before the due date of filing your Income Tax Return (ITR) for the year, you can deposit the funds in a CAGS account. The funds must be used to construct or purchase another residential property within a specified time frame.

Sell One House and Purchase Another

Assume you're selling a home you've owned over two years. The purchase cost of the house is Rs. 20 lakhs when you acquired it, and you are selling it for Rs. 42 lakhs. In this case, you earned a profit of Rs. 22 lakhs (ignoring the indexation benefit)  and must pay long-term capital gains tax on this amount. According to the act, you must pay 20% LTCG tax and a 4% surcharge and cess. However, if you use the proceeds from the sale of the previous residential property to purchase another residential property, you will be exempted from paying this tax.

Exemption under Section 54

Section 54 exempts you from paying LTCG tax on the sale of an old house if you acquire a new house either one year before or within two years of selling your old one. If you intend to build a new house, you must do so within three years of selling your old one. You can claim an exemption up to the lesser of (i) the amount of capital gains or (ii) the purchase/construction cost of a new house / residential property. In the current case, if you purchase a new house for Rs.22 lakh or higher, you will not be required to pay any LTCG tax.

Restrictions/Conditions under Section 54

1. Only 1 House: You can only claim an exemption for the acquisition of 1 house. If you use capital gains to acquire more than one house, you can only claim an exemption for the cost of one dwelling. 

However, through Budget 2019, the benefit of Section 54 has been extended so that exemption can be availed for the purchase of 2 houses also if the capital gains on the sale of an old house are up to Rs. 2 crores. The benefit of claiming exemption on the purchase of 2 houses is once in a lifetime, i.e., the benefit once availed cannot be availed again.

2. House in India: You are eligible for an exemption under Section 54 only if you purchase a home in India. Any residential property purchased outside India will not be considered for exemption.
3. Lock-in: You cannot sell the new house purchased using the proceeds from the sale of the old house for three years after the purchase or completion of construction. This means that if you sell the new house within three years of the completion of purchase/construction, the benefit you receive under Section 54 will be revoked, and you will have to pay the LTCG tax.
4. Max Limit: The Finance Act 2023 introduced a maximum limit under this Section. As per it, if the capital gains from the sale of an old house are more than Rs. 10 crores, then the excess of capital gains over and above Rs. 10 crores is to be ignored for exemption. i.e., the Maximum Capital Gains that can be claimed as exempt under this Section is Rs.10 crores.

Sell Your Stocks and Buy a House

Other long-term assets, such as land, commercial buildings, stocks, mutual funds, bonds, automobiles, patents, trademarks, jewels, and machinery, also provide capital gains. For example, you want to sell listed equity shares you've held for over a year. You purchased the shares for Rs. 15 lakhs and sold them for Rs. 23 lakhs. You are getting capital gains of Rs. 8 lakhs in this case. These capital gains can be exempted from tax if invested in purchasing or constructing a new residential property.

Exemption under Section 54F

Section 54F exempts you from paying LTCG tax on the sale of long-term capital assets other than a house if you utilise the sale proceeds to buy/construct a new house. The new house should be purchased either one year before or within two years of the sale of the long-term asset. If you intend to build a new house, it must be completed within three years of the sale of the long-term asset.

In this Section, the exemption is available on the investment of sale proceeds and not capital gains. For example, to claim the total exemption, all sale proceeds need to be invested.

You can get a total exemption if you invest the whole of the sale proceeds in buying the new house. However, if you are using only a portion of the sale proceeds amount, the capital gains exemption will be calculated as follows:

Amount of Capital Gains * Cost of New House / Sale Proceeds from Sale of Assets

Restrictions/Conditions under Section 54F

1. Only 1 House: You can only claim an exemption for the acquisition of 1 house. If you use capital gains to acquire more than one house, you can only claim an exemption for the cost of one dwelling. 
2. Max Limit: The Finance Act 2023 introduced a maximum limit under this Section. As per it, if the sale proceeds from the sale of long-term capital assets are more than Rs. 10 crores, then the excess of sale proceeds over and above Rs. 10 crores is to be ignored for exemption. i.e., the Maximum Capital Gains that can be claimed as exempt under this Section are to be based on an investment of sale proceeds of Rs. 10 crores.
3. The other two conditions regarding the lock-in period and property purchase in India will remain the same as in Section 54.
4. Additional Condition: This section's benefit is available only to taxpayers who do not own more than one house.

Sell your House or Stocks and Invest in Bonds.

Another approach to reducing LTCG tax is to invest capital gains in notified bonds if you are selling a long-term asset but do not intend to invest in a new dwelling. To avail of these exemptions, the interest rate on these bonds is 6%, and they are typically issued by government agencies such as the Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) and the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). The interest earned is not tax-free.

Exemption under Section 54EC

Section 54EC provides that you do not have to pay LTCG tax on the sale of any long-term capital assets if the capital gains are invested in the designated government bonds and instruments. The bonds must be purchased within six months following the asset's sale. The maximum that can be invested in this manner is Rs. 50 lakhs. 

Restrictions/Conditions under Section 54EC

1. You are only entitled to a tax break if you invest in the notified bonds and securities.
2. You will lose this exemption if you sell these bonds within five years after obtaining them.
3. This exemption will be withdrawn if you borrow against these bonds within five years after acquisition.

Deposit in Capital Gain Deposit Account Scheme

Section 54 and Section 54F are complemented by the Capital Gain Account (CGAS) Scheme, 1988. This is a beneficial provision to counter the difficulties encountered by the taxpayer while investing the money in the house property within the stipulated time under Section 54 and Section 54F because there can be practical situations where the taxpayers have not purchased/constructed the house property before the filing of Income Tax Return (ITR) for the year in which the capital gain has arisen. Then, in that case, if you cannot use all / desired capital gains from a transaction by the due date for submitting your income tax return, you can deposit the unutilised amount in any public sector bank under the CGAS Scheme. Once the money is in this account, you must utilise it within two years (if you are buying a new house) or three years (if you are building a new house).

You must open the account before the deadline for filing your ITR, and the funds must only be used to purchase/construct a residential property. If the money is not used to buy/build a residential property within the stipulated time, the capital gains exempted earlier will be taxed in the future year.

Related Articles

Capital Gains Tax

Long-term capital gains

Short-term capital gain

Tax on Long-term Capital Gains on Equity Funds

Short Term Capital Gain on Shares

Capital Gains Exemption

Section 54F