Basics of Income Tax for Beginners

Paying your income tax for the first time is a milestone in any citizen’s life. Income tax is the most popular form of direct tax levied and collected in India. For individuals, the taxes are levied progressively, i.e., the tax rate increases as the income increases. Slab rates are fixed for individuals, under old regime and new regime. 

There are various tax benefits available, using which the person can minimize the final tax liability. Taxes for a particular financial year is usually paid in next year - which is called assessment year. The concern person should choose appropriate ITR form, which is most suitable, considering various factors.  

This article provides more clarity on the basic concepts of Income Tax, considering the needs of beginners.

Defining the ‘Previous year’

• The previous year or the financial year or your tax year is the 12-month period that begins on the 1st of April and ends on the 31st of March of the next year. 
• It is measured in par with the financial year. It is the period/duration in which you earn your income. 
• No matter when you start your job, your tax year closes on 31st March and a new tax year starts on 1st April. So, it is important to plan your taxes for each financial year. 

A Business or Profession newly set up on September- In such a case, the previous year shall be the period beginning on the date of setting up of the business or profession and ending with 31st March of the following calendar year.

Assessment Year

• It is a term you’ll often hear in relation to tax filing. It is the financial year after the previous year in which you will ‘assess’ and file your return for the previous year. 
• So, the assessment year is 2025-26 for the previous year 2024-25. 
• Assessment year is the year in which you will file your return for the previous year. For instance, if you start your job on 1 January 2025, your tax year closes on 31 March 2025, 2024-25 is your previous year and your AY is 2025-26.

Understanding your Salary

• When you start your job – reach out to your payroll or HR department and get your Salary details/ Pay Slip / Tax Statement. 
• Here, you will get an idea of the major components of your salary and how much tax will be deducted from your salary based on them.

Example: Most companies give House Rent Allowance or HRA, and you can save tax on that if you are living on rent.

Income on which you Pay Tax

Besides the salary income you receive, you may be earning an income from several other sources. Your Total Income is the sum total of all heads of income below.

Sources of Income

Income Tax Slabs

• Individuals must pay the rate of tax as per the income tax income slab they fall under. 
• People whose income is below Rs.2.5 lakhs in a financial year do not have to pay taxes under old regime.
• Similarly, people whose income is below Rs.3 lakhs is not required to pay taxes under new regime. 
• The tax rates vary under the new and the old tax regime, starting from 5% to 30%. Below are the income tax slabs and the applicable tax rates:

Income Tax Slab Rate as per Old Tax Regime

• For individuals aged below 60 years and HUF:

Income Tax Slab Rate as per New Tax Regime FY 2024-25

Income Tax Slab Rate as per New Tax Regime FY 2025-26

Note: Age relaxation is available only in the Old Tax Regime, it's not available in the New Tax Regime.

Deductions

Deductions reduce your Gross Income. These are the amounts Income Tax Department allows you to reduce your Income, bringing down your tax liability. 

Sum of All heads of Income = Gross Income

Gross Income – Deductions = Taxable Income

The more you make use of the deductions allowed, the lower your tax shall be. Deductions are allowed under Section 80 of the Income Tax Act (Section 80C to 80U).

There are two tax regimes in India; the old and the new . The percentage of income tax that you pay on your total income differs under the old and the new tax regime. 

Under the old tax regime, all deductions are allowed under Sections 80C to 80U, subject to conditions. However, under the new tax regime, only the deduction on let-out property under Section 24B and the deduction on the employer's contribution to NPS are allowed.

Deductions Under Section 80C

Section 80C can take off ₹. 1.5 lakhs from your Gross Income. Given below are some of the widely-used investment vehicles under this section.

PPF

One of the most popular deductions under 80C is deposits to Public Provident Fund or PPF. When you open a PPF account, you need to deposit a minimum of INR 500 and a maximum of INR 1.5 lakhs in a year. Money deposited in a PPF account compounds, as you deposit more money in the subsequent financial years to claim deductions. PPF is a traditional and safe saving avenue to park your hard earned money. A PPF account can be easily opened with a bank.

Tax-Saving FD

Fixed deposits assure capital protection as well as a sizable interest income for investors. To get tax benefits under 80C, you need to stay invested for at least 5 years. It is safe, but the Interest Income from it is taxable.

Tax-Saving Mutual Funds or ELSS

One of the only mutual fund scheme allowed under 80C, ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme) is gaining popularity among people for its historically higher performance in the recent years. Another perk of ELSS is that it has the lowest lock-in period of 3 years.

TDS or Tax Deducted at Source

• TDS is Tax Deducted at Source – it means that the tax is deducted by the person making payment. 
• The payer has to deduct an amount of tax based on the rules prescribed by the income tax department. 

For instance, An employer will estimate the total annual income of an employee and deduct tax on his Income if his Taxable Income exceeds INR 2.5 lakh under the old tax regime or INR 3 lakh under the new tax regime. Tax is deducted based on which tax slab you belong to each year. 

Similarly, if you earn interest from a Fixed Deposit, the bank also deducts TDS. Since the bank does not know your tax slabs, they usually deduct TDS @ 10%, unless you haven’t mentioned your PAN (in that case a 20% TDS may be deducted).

Example on Salary TDS

Aditya is a 25-year-old software engineer living in Mumbai. This is his first job and he’s clueless about tax or savings. But it’s almost the end of January and Aditya heard his friends talking about Section 80C and how they pay zero tax thanks to Section 80C. Aditya earns Rs  7,68,000 annually. Here are his salary details.

Aditya looked up his pay slip and found out that his employer has been deducting a TDS on his salary of Rs. 4,568 each month. This shall work out to Rs.54,816 for the whole year. While Aditya has been busy enjoying his new life he has no clue how much tax he needs to pay and whether he can save any tax! Let’s help him!

Aditya should first find out his total income from all sources. Besides salary income, Aditya has earned 

• Savings bank account interest of Rs.3,000. He found this amount in his bank statement. 
• His father had forced him to put aside Rs.1,50,000 in fixed deposit and from his online FD statement, he found out he will earn an interest of Rs.4,000 on this FD until 31st March 2025. 
• Aditya is unsure whether any TDS has been deducted from his interest income, so he looks up his Form 26AS. Form 26AS has the details of all the taxes deducted and deposited against Aditya’s PAN. He found a TDS of Rs.4,568  deducted by his employer each month until January.
• Aditya lives in rented accommodation in Mumbai along with four other roommates, and his share of rent is Rs.12,000. If Aditya can organize rent receipts from the landlord and get his PAN number, he can claim an exemption on HRA. If Aditya can submit the rent receipts well in time to his employer, his employer will be able to adjust his tax calculations.

Aditya’s HRA exemption

Now let us see Aditya’s Tax Calculation ( Under the Old Tax Regime)

Did you notice? If Aditya can manage to claim Rs 1.5 lakhs under section 80C – no tax shall be payable by him on account of rebate claimed under section 87A. With this deduction, his taxable income is less than Rs 5 lakh which is eligible for rebate under section 87A. Whereas in case of new tax regime, the rebate u/s 87A upto Rs. 25,000 is available up to an income of Rs.7lakhs.

However, Aditya has to file an income tax return because his gross total income is above the basic exemption limit of Rs 2.5 lakh. Also, Aditya can claim a refund of the TDS of Rs 45,680 that has been deducted from his income. Aditya claims Rs 1.5 lakhs under section 80C. Deduction on Section 80C is available for PF @ 12% of Basic Salary; it's Rs 43,200 for him. Since this is already deducted from his salary, he simply needs to consider this amount—no additional payout is required.

Aditya wants to try his hands in equities and finds the market returns promising so he invests Rs 50,000 in ELSS. He opens a PPF account and deposits Rs 57,580 – all of these add up to Rs 1,50,780. The amount of deduction eligible under section 80C is limited to Rs 1.5 lakhs. Accordingly, Aditya claims a deduction of Rs 1.5 lakhs under section 80C.

Deduction under section 80C available to Aditya

Standard Deduction

• Rs. 50,000 of standard deduction is allowed under the old regime.
• In case of new regime standard deduction of Rs.75,000 is available.

Rebate For Resident Individuals [Section 87A] 

Section 87A provides a rebate from the tax payable by an assessee who is an individual resident in India to provide tax relief to individual taxpayers.

Rebate to resident individual paying tax under New tax regime 

If total income of such individual does not exceed Rs.7 lakh, the rebate shall be equal to the amount of income-tax payable on his total income for any assessment year or an amount of Rs.25,000, whichever is less. 

However budget 2025 has prescribed that the rebate shall be increased up to Rs.60,000 for the income of Rs.12 lakhs which will be applicable from FY 2025-26.

Rebate to a resident individual paying tax under Old tax regime 

If total income of such individual does not exceed Rs. 5 lakhs, the rebate shall be equal to the amount of income-tax payable on his total income for any assessment year or an amount of Rs.12,500, whichever is less.

Calculating Tax Payable

On your Taxable Income, tax slabs or rates are applied and tax payable is calculated. From this tax payable, you can reduce all the TDS that has already been deducted.

You can always use our Tax Calculator

Income Tax Returns

• The Income Tax Department has notified 7 various Income Tax Return forms, i.e. ITR-1, ITR-2, ITR-3, ITR-4, ITR-5, ITR-6 & ITR-7. 
• The applicability of ITR forms varies depending on the sources of income, the amount of the income earned and the category of the taxpayer like individuals, HUF, company, etc. 

Documents Required to File Income Tax Returns

Many documents are required to be kept ready before filing the Income Tax Return (ITR). These documents vary according to the source of income, as stated below: 

• Salaried individual – Form 16/16A, 26AS, rent receipt paid for HRA, payslips, investments made under Section 80C, 80E, 80D and 80G.
• Capital gains – ELSS statement, mutual fund statement, sale and purchase of equity/debt funds, purchase/selling price of a house, registration details if any house property is sold, and capital gains statement showing the sale of shares and stock trading.
• House property – PAN card details, co-owner details, property address and home loan interest certificate.
• Other sources - Bank FD details and details of interest received from tax-saving or corporate bonds.

Understanding Key Terms

Form 16: Form 16 is a certificate issued by employers to employees detailing the salary paid and TDS deducted during the financial year. It is essential for salaried individuals while filing their income tax returns.

Advance Tax: If your tax liability exceeds INR 10,000 in a financial year, you need to pay advance tax in four installments.

TDS (Tax Deducted at Source): Employers and other entities deduct tax at source on salaries, interest, rent, and other payments, which is then deposited with the government.

Refunds: If you have paid more tax than your actual liability, you can claim a refund while filing your return.

Notices: The Income Tax Department may issue notices for various reasons, such as discrepancies in returns, under-reporting of income, or random scrutiny. Respond promptly to avoid penalties.

Gross Total Income: The sum of all heads of income before deductions.

Net Taxable Income: The income after claiming all eligible deductions and exemptions.

Tax Audit is an examination of a taxpayer's accounts by a chartered accountant to ensure the accuracy of income and deductions claimed. It is mandatory for businesses and professionals if their turnover exceeds specified limits.