Filing for AY 2024-25 is coming soon
Filing for AY 2024-25 is coming soon
Keep calm and sign up for early access to our super filing platform

Basics of Income Tax for Beginners

Updated on: May 29th, 2023

|

27 min read

social iconssocial iconssocial iconssocial icons

Paying your income tax for the first time is a milestone in any citizen’s life. However, the process can seem too daunting and tedious for a first-timer, and some of the terms tend to go right over your head. This needn’t be so. To help you understand the tax implications of your income (based on your income source), here is a compilation of basics of income tax for beginners.

 

Basics of Income Tax for Beginners

Are you just out of college and looking for a job? Or have you already landed the job and are going to file your income tax returns for the first time? If nitty-gritty of income tax and investments confuse you, ClearTax is here to help. Our aim at ClearTax is to simplify Income Taxes for you and make your financial lives easier. Basically, anybody with an income is liable to file income tax returns. Today we bring to you the basics of Income Tax you’ll need to equip yourself with and this should help you take a confident first step into your job.

Defining the ‘Previous year’

Previous year or the financial year or your tax year is the 12 month period that begins on 1st April and ends on the 31st March of the next year. No matter when you start your job, your tax year closes on 31st March and a new tax year starts on 1st April. So, it is important to plan your taxes for each financial year.

Assessment Year

It is a term you’ll often hear in relation to tax filing. It is the financial year after the previous year in which you will ‘assess’ and file your return for the previous year. So, assessment year is 2019-20 for the previous year 2018-19. Assessment year is the year in which you will file your return for the previous year. For instance, if you start your job on 1 January 2023, your tax year closes on 31 March 2023. 2022-23 is your previous year and your AY is 2023-24.

Understanding your Salary

When you start your job – reach out to your payroll or HR department and get your Salary details/ Pay Slip / Tax Statement. Here, you will get an idea of the major components of your salary and how much tax will be deducted from your salary based on them.

Example: Most companies give House Rent Allowance or HRA, and you can save tax on that if you are living on rent.

Income on which you pay Tax

Besides the salary income you receive, you may be earning an income from several other sources. Your Total Income is the sum total of all heads of income below.

Sources of Income

Sources of IncomeParticulars
Income from SalarySalary, Allowances, Leave encashment basically all the money you receive while rendering your job as a result of your employment agreement
Income from House PropertyIncome from house or building, this may be owned and self-occupied or may be rented
Income from Capital GainIncome from gain or loss when you sell a capital asset
Income from Business or ProfessionIncome/loss that arises as a result of carrying on a business or profession
Income from Other SourcesThis is the residual head – includes your income from savings bank accounts,fixed deposits,family pension or gifts received

Deductions

Deductions reduce your Gross Income. These are the amounts Income Tax Department allows you to reduce your Income, bringing down your tax liability.

Sum of All heads of Income = Gross Income

Gross Income – Deductions = Taxable Income

The more you make use of the deductions allowed, the lower your tax shall be. Deductions are allowed under Section 80 of the Income Tax Act (Section 80C to 80U).

However, in 2020, the government introduced two tax regimes in India: The old tax regime and the new tax regime. The percentage of income tax that you pay on your total income differs under the old and the new tax regime. Click here to know more about the old and the new tax regimes. 

Under the old tax regime, all deductions are allowed under Sections 80C to 80U, subject to conditions. However, under the new tax regime, only the deduction on let-out property under Section 24B and the deduction on the employer's contribution to NPS are allowed.

Deductions Under Section 80C

Section 80C can take off INR 1,50,000 from your Gross Income. Given below are some of the widely-used investment vehicles under this section.

PPF

One of the most popular deductions under 80C is deposits to Public Provident Fund or PPF. When you open a PPF account, you need to deposit a minimum of INR 500 and a maximum of INR 1,50,000 in a year. Money deposited in a PPF account compounds, as you deposit more money in the subsequent financial years to claim deductions. PPF is a traditional and safe saving avenue to park your hard earned money. A PPF account can be easily opened with a bank.

Tax-saving FD

Fixed deposits assure capital protection as well as a sizable interest income for investors. To get tax benefits under 80C, you need to stay invested for at least 5 years. It is safe, but the Interest Income from it is taxable.

Tax-saving mutual funds or ELSS

One of the only mutual fund scheme allowed under 80C, ELSS (Equity Linked Savings Scheme) is gaining popularity among people for its historically higher performance in the recent years. Another perk of ELSS is that it has the lowest lock-in period of 3 years.

TDS or Tax deducted at source

TDS is Tax Deducted at Source – it means that the tax is deducted by the person making payment. The payer has to deduct an amount of tax based on the rules prescribed by the income tax department. For instance, An employer will estimate the total annual income of an employee and deduct tax on his Income if his Taxable Income exceeds INR 2,50,000. Tax is deducted based on which tax slab you belong to each year. Similarly, if you earn interest from a Fixed Deposit, the bank also deducts TDS. Since the bank does not know your tax slabs, they usually deduct TDS @ 10%, unless you haven’t mentioned your PAN (in that case a 20% TDS may be deducted).

Calculating Tax Payable

On your Taxable Income, tax slabs or rates are applied and final tax payable is calculated. From this tax payable, you can reduce all the TDS that has already been deducted.

You can always use our Tax Calculator!

Standard Deduction

As per the Budget 2018, salaried employees are entitled to a standard deduction of Rs 40,000 from the gross salary. This standard deduction will replace the medical reimbursement amounting to INR 15,000 and transport allowance amounting to Rs. 19,200 in a financial year. Effectively, the taxpayer will get an additional income exemption of Rs 5,800. The limit of Rs. 40,000 has been increased to Rs. 50,000 from FY 2019-20 onwards in the Interim Budget 2019. From FY 2023-2024, this deduction of Rs.50,000 is available and can be claimed under both the old and new tax regimes. 

Illustration on salary TDS

Aditya is a 25-year-old software engineer living in Mumbai. He spends his free time enjoying his new found financial freedom. This is his first job and he’s clueless about tax or savings. But it’s almost the end of January and Aditya heard his friends talking about Section 80C and how they pay zero tax thanks to Section 80C. Aditya earns Rs 6,60,000 annually. Here are his salary details.

Salary componentsMonthlyAnnually
Basic salary30,0003,60,000
House Rent Allowance15,0001,80,000
Special Allowance10,0001,20,000
Total 6,60,000

Aditya looked up his pay slip and found out that his employer has been deducting a TDS on his salary of Rs 2,988 each month. This shall work out to Rs 35,860 for the whole year. While Aditya has been busy enjoying his new life he has no clue how much tax he needs to pay and whether he can save any tax! Let’s help him!

Aditya should first find out his total income from all sources. Besides salary income, Aditya has earned savings bank account interest of Rs 2,500. He found this amount in his bank statement. His father had forced him to put aside Rs 50,000 in fixed deposit and from his online FD statement, he found out he will earn an interest of Rs 3,500 on this FD until 31st March 2020. Aditya is not sure whether any TDS has been deducted on his interest income – so he looks up his Form 26AS. Form 26AS has the details of all the tax deducted and deposited against Aditya’s PAN. He found TDS of Rs 2,988 deducted by his employer each month until January.

Here is Aditya’s total Income under old tax regime:

Income from salary Rs 6,60,000
Income from other sources Rs 6,000
Savings Bank account interestRs 2,500 
Fixed Deposit interestRs 3,500 
Gross Total Income Rs 6,66,000
Tax deducted or TDS till the end of January 2020 (Rs 2,988*10)  Rs 29,880

Aditya also revealed he lives in a rented accommodation in Mumbai along with 4 other roommates and his share of rent is Rs 10,000. If Aditya can organize rent receipts from the landlord and get his PAN number, he can claim an exemption on HRA. If Aditya can submit the rent receipts well in time, to his employer – his employer will be able to adjust his tax calculations.

Aditya’s HRA exemption

HRA exemption shall be least of the following: 
HRA received (A)Rs 15,000
50% of the basic salaryRs 15,000
Rent paid less 10% of the basic salaryRs 7,000
HRA exempt (lower of the above) (B)Rs 7,000
HRA taxable (A)-(B)Rs 8,000

Now let us see Aditya’s revised tax calculation.

Aditya’s revised tax calculation
Income from salaryRs 5,76,000
Basic salaryRs 3,60,000 
Taxable portion of HRARs 96,000
Special allowanceRs 1,20,000
Income from other sourcesRs 6,000
Gross total incomeRs 5,82,000
Deduction under section 80CRs 1,50,000
Deduction under section 80TTARs 2,500
Total incomeRs 4,29,500
Tax payableRs 8,975
Less: Rebate under section 87A (for total income up to Rs 5 lakh)Rs 8,975
Tax payableNil

Did you notice? If Aditya can manage to claim Rs 1,50,000 under section 80C – no tax shall be payable by him on account of rebate claimed under section 87A. With this deduction, his taxable income does not exceed Rs 5 lakh which is eligible for rebate under section 87A for the AY 2020-21.

However, Aditya has to file an income tax return because his gross total income is above the basic exemption limit of Rs 2.5 lakh. Also, Aditya can claim a refund of the TDS of Rs 29,880 which has been deducted on his income. Aditya claims Rs 1,50,000 under section 80C. Deduction on Section 80C is available for PF @12% of Basic Salary, its Rs 43,200 for him. Since this is already deducted from salary, he simply needs to consider this amount – no additional payout is required.

Aditya wants to try his hands in equities and finds the market returns promising so he invests Rs 50,000 in ELSS. He opens a PPF account and deposits Rs 57,580 – all of these add up to Rs 1,50,780. The amount of deduction eligible under section 80C is limited to Rs 1,50,000. Accordingly, Aditya claims a deduction of Rs 1,50,000 under section 80C.

Deduction under section 80C available to Aditya

EPF contribution @ 12% of basic salaryRs 43,200
Subscription to ELSSRs 50,000
Contribution to PPF Rs 57,580
Total Rs 1,50,780
Eligible deductionRs 1,50,000

Documents Required to File Income Tax Returns

Many documents are required to be kept ready before filing the Income Tax Return (ITR). These documents vary according to the source of income, as stated below: 

  • Salaried individual – Form 16/16A, 26AS, rent receipt paid for HRA, payslips, investments made under Section 80C, 80E, 80D and 80G.
  • Capital gains – ELSS statement, mutual fund statement, sale and purchase of equity/debt funds, purchase/selling price of a house, registration details if any house property is sold, and capital gains statement showing the sale of shares and stock trading.
  • House property – PAN card details, co-owner details, property address and home loan interest certificate.
  • Other sources - Bank FD details and details of interest received from tax-saving or corporate bonds.

Income Tax Slabs

Individuals must pay the rate of tax as per the income tax income slab they fall under. People whose income is below Rs.2,50,000 in a financial year do not have to pay taxes. The tax rates vary under the new and the old tax regime, starting from 5% to 30%. Below are the income tax slabs and the applicable tax rates:

        Income Slab

Old Tax Regime

New tax Regime 

(until 31st March 2023)

New Tax Regime 

(From 1st April 2023)

₹0 - ₹2,50,000

-

-

-

₹2,50,000  - ₹3,00,000

5%

5%

-

₹3,00,000 - ₹5,00,000

5%

5%

5%

₹5,00,000 - ₹6,00,000

20%

10%

5%

₹6,00,000 - ₹7,50,000

20%

10%

10%

₹7,50,000 - ₹9,00,000

20%

15%

10%

₹9,00,000 - ₹10,00,000

20%

15%

15%

₹10,00,000 - ₹12,00,000

30%

20%

15%

₹12,00,000 - ₹12,50,000

30%

20%

20%

₹12,50,000 - ₹15,00,000

30%

25%

20%

>₹15,00,000

30%

30%

30%

Income Tax Returns

The Income Tax Department has notified 7 various Income Tax Return forms, i.e. ITR-1, ITR-2, ITR-3, ITR-4, ITR-5, ITR-6 & ITR-7. Every taxpayer should file ITR on or before the specified due date, i.e. 31 July of the assessment year. The applicability of ITR forms varies depending on the sources of income, the amount of the income earned and the category of the taxpayer like individuals, HUF, company, etc. Click here to know more about the different ITR forms.

 
 
 
inline CTA
File your returns in just 3 minutes
100% pre-fill. No manual data entry
CONTENTS

Clear offers taxation & financial solutions to individuals, businesses, organizations & chartered accountants in India. Clear serves 1.5+ Million happy customers, 20000+ CAs & tax experts & 10000+ businesses across India.

Efiling Income Tax Returns(ITR) is made easy with Clear platform. Just upload your form 16, claim your deductions and get your acknowledgment number online. You can efile income tax return on your income from salary, house property, capital gains, business & profession and income from other sources. Further you can also file TDS returns, generate Form-16, use our Tax Calculator software, claim HRA, check refund status and generate rent receipts for Income Tax Filing.

CAs, experts and businesses can get GST ready with Clear GST software & certification course. Our GST Software helps CAs, tax experts & business to manage returns & invoices in an easy manner. Our Goods & Services Tax course includes tutorial videos, guides and expert assistance to help you in mastering Goods and Services Tax. Clear can also help you in getting your business registered for Goods & Services Tax Law.

Save taxes with Clear by investing in tax saving mutual funds (ELSS) online. Our experts suggest the best funds and you can get high returns by investing directly or through SIP. Download Black by ClearTax App to file returns from your mobile phone.

Cleartax is a product by Defmacro Software Pvt. Ltd.

Company PolicyTerms of use

ISO

ISO 27001

Data Center

SSL

SSL Certified Site

128-bit encryption