Goods and Services Tax (GST) has significantly changed India’s agricultural sector. The GST system has streamlined the taxation of agricultural goods and services, promoting greater transparency, efficiency, and market integration across India.
This article explains the impact of GST on the agricultural sector, detailing GST rates on agricultural commodities, inputs, and machinery and answering common questions related to GST on agriculture.
Under the GST regime, the agricultural sector gets numerous benefits, including exemptions on most basic agricultural produce.
Essential agricultural goods such as grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables are exempt from GST. These items are exempted to keep them affordable for consumers and protect farmers from taxation on primary produce. However, products undergoing processing may fall under higher GST slabs.
GST rates on agricultural commodities vary based on their level of processing. Below is a breakdown of the applicable GST rates for different categories of agricultural goods:
S No | Product category | GST rate | Examples |
1 | Raw agricultural produce (unprocessed) | 0% (Exempt) | Fresh fruits, vegetables, grains, pulses, milk |
2 | Processed and packaged food | 5% | Sugar, edible oils, frozen vegetables, Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk |
3 | Branded and packaged products | 12% | Branded dry fruits, packaged paneer, butter, ghee |
4 | Processed foods & snacks | 18% | Sauces, jams, pickles, packaged snack foods |
5 | Luxury and sin products | 28% | Aerated beverages, tobacco products |
Agricultural inputs and machinery also fall under various GST rates. Here’s a detailed breakdown:
S No | Inputs description | GST rate | Examples |
1 | Seeds for sowing | 0% | All seeds for cultivation |
2 | Farm equipment (manual) | 0% | Tools such as ploughs, sickles, and shovels |
3 | Farm machinery | 12% | Power-driven machinery like tractors and harvesters |
4 | Fertilisers | 5% | Most chemical fertilisers |
5 | Pesticides | 18% | Agrochemicals such as pesticides and herbicides |
This framework under GST allows farmers to save on taxes for essential tools, fertilisers, and machinery, although some products, like pesticides and machinery, are subject to tax, which increases input costs.
While GST has positive effects on agriculture, it comes with specific challenges:
The GST regime has significantly simplified the taxation system for India’s agricultural sector, ensuring that primary agricultural products remain tax-free. At the same time, processed goods are taxed to contribute to the government’s revenue.
The tax system has streamlined interstate trade, reduced cascading taxes, and improved market integration. However, challenges remain for smaller farmers and the agricultural machinery sector.